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Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...
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Detection of Regulated Ergot Alkaloids in Food Matrices by Liquid Chromatography-Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
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Nutritional supplements and ergogenic AIDS.

David G Liddle1, Douglas J Connor

  • 1Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt Sports Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. david.g.liddle@vanderbilt.edu

Primary Care
|May 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) and supplements, detailing their history, effects, and adverse impacts on athletes. It examines the evidence for their efficacy and safety, including testing methods.

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Published on: January 3, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Athletes frequently use performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) and supplements.
  • These substances have significant financial, personal, social, and health consequences.
  • Understanding the scope and impact of PEDs is crucial for athlete well-being and sports integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review common PEDs and ergogenic aids used by athletes.
  • To discuss the history, usage patterns, efficacy, and adverse effects of various substances.
  • To evaluate the evidence base for these substances and current anti-doping testing methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific articles and studies on PEDs and supplements.
  • Analysis of historical data, usage trends, and documented effects.
  • Examination of research on the safety, efficacy, and detection of ergogenic aids.

Main Results:

  • PEDs encompass a wide range of substances including anabolic steroids, peptide hormones, stimulants, and diuretics.
  • Creatine is a commonly used supplement with established efficacy for certain performance benefits.
  • Adverse effects range from cardiovascular issues to psychological disturbances, depending on the substance.
  • Testing methodologies for PEDs are continuously evolving to detect new and existing substances.

Conclusions:

  • The use of PEDs presents multifaceted risks to athlete health and fair competition.
  • Evidence for the efficacy and safety of many ergogenic aids is limited or inconclusive.
  • Robust anti-doping strategies and athlete education are essential to mitigate the harms associated with PEDs.