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Related Concept Videos

Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The tea and...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics

In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
Second Law of Thermodynamics00:53

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the chemical energy...
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In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the concentration...
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Path Between Thermodynamics States

Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:

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Dynamic behavior of interfaces: modeling with nonequilibrium thermodynamics.

Leonard M C Sagis1

  • 1Food Physics Group, Department ATV, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands; Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
|May 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This review models interfacial transfer processes in multiphase systems using nonequilibrium thermodynamics (NET) and the Gibbs dividing surface model. It details how interfacial dynamics influence system behavior through coupled balance equations.

Keywords:
Gibbs dividing surfaceInterfacesNonequilibrium thermodynamicsSurface balancesSurface excess variablesSurface rheology

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Interfacial transfer of mass, heat, and momentum significantly impacts multiphase system dynamics.
  • Phenomena like the Marangoni effect and vesicle deformation highlight the importance of interfacial dynamics.
  • Existing models often require enhanced frameworks to capture complex interfacial behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in modeling interfacial transfer processes within nonequilibrium thermodynamics (NET).
  • To focus on NET frameworks utilizing the Gibbs dividing surface model for interface representation.
  • To explore the derivation of balance equations and constitutive models for interfacial variables.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Gibbs dividing surface model to represent interfaces as 2D planes with excess variables.
  • Deriving balance equations for interfacial excess variables (mass, momentum, energy, entropy).
  • Coupling interfacial balance equations with bulk phase balances and boundary conditions for a comprehensive continuum model.

Main Results:

  • Established NET frameworks for modeling interfacial phenomena using the Gibbs dividing surface.
  • Developed methods to derive balance equations for interfacial excess variables.
  • Focused on constitutive equations for the surface extra stress tensor.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive continuum models integrating bulk and interfacial dynamics provide insights into system behavior.
  • The Gibbs dividing surface model within NET offers a robust framework for analyzing interfacial transfer processes.
  • Understanding interfacial dynamics is crucial for accurately predicting the overall behavior of multiphase systems.