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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine
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Published on: December 4, 2015

Equine influenza--a global perspective.

A Cullinane1, J R Newton

  • 1Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland.

Veterinary Microbiology
|May 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Equine influenza outbreaks pose a significant economic threat to the global horse industry. This review covers recent research on equine influenza, focusing on epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention strategies.

Keywords:
EpidemiologyEquine influenzaLaboratory diagnosisManagementVaccination

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Avian Influenza Surveillance with FTA Cards: Field Methods, Biosafety, and Transportation Issues Solved
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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Equine Health
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease affecting horses globally.
  • Outbreaks have substantial economic impact on the equine industry, with endemic presence in Europe and North America.
  • Inadequate quarantine and importation of infected horses have led to major outbreaks, such as in Australia (2007).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of current knowledge and recent research on equine influenza.
  • To summarize key aspects including epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, management, and prevention.
  • To discuss advancements in diagnostic techniques and evaluate vaccination strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current understanding and recent research on equine influenza.
  • Synthesis of information on epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and diagnostics.
  • Analysis of management and prevention strategies, including vaccination.

Main Results:

  • Equine influenza outbreaks are widespread, posing a significant economic risk.
  • Factors like subclinical infections in vaccinated horses and poor quarantine facilitate spread.
  • Recent research has advanced diagnostic methods and understanding of vaccination efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management and prevention of equine influenza are crucial for the global equine industry.
  • Continued research into epidemiology, diagnostics, and vaccination is essential.
  • Addressing importation risks and quarantine protocols is vital to control outbreaks.