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Updated: May 11, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
Published on: May 2, 2025
[The challenge of treating bipolar outpatients]
F Seemüller1, M Berger, R Musil
1Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
Abstract:
The course of bipolar illness comprises a wide range, which may vary between one single episode once every five years and a severe ultra rapid cycling course with mood changes within days. Even with optimal pharmacological treatment the functional outcome in bipolar patients is still poor. Underlying pathomechanisms are not fully understood yet. This article addresses three possible illness specific-aspects: cognitive defects, high relapse frequency and poor adherence. Causes as well as therapeutic interventions for these therapeutic pitfalls are summarised.
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