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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Evolution of New Traits in Microbes01:24

Evolution of New Traits in Microbes

Microorganisms evolve rapidly due to their large population sizes and short generation times, often exhibiting measurable changes within days under laboratory conditions. Natural selection acts on standing genetic variation, enabling the retention and amplification of beneficial traits that confer fitness advantages in changing environments.Adaptive Pigment Regulation in RhodobacterIn Rhodobacter, a genus of purple non-sulfur bacteria, light-harvesting pigments such as bacteriochlorophyll and...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Monitoring Influenza Virus Survival Outside the Host Using Real-Time Cell Analysis
09:02

Monitoring Influenza Virus Survival Outside the Host Using Real-Time Cell Analysis

Published on: February 20, 2021

Influenza evolution navigates stability valleys.

Mary M Rorick1, Mercedes Pascual

  • 1is at the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , United States rorick@umich.edu.

Elife
|May 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers reconstructed influenza protein evolution from 1968 to 2007, revealing key insights into how genetic mutations interact over time. This study enhances our understanding of viral adaptation and genetic change.

Keywords:
Virusesepistasisinfluenzaprotein evolutionprotein instability

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Influenza viruses constantly evolve, necessitating continuous surveillance and analysis of genetic changes.
  • Understanding the evolutionary pathways of influenza proteins is crucial for predicting future viral strains and informing vaccine development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary trajectory of a specific influenza protein between 1968 and 2007.
  • To elucidate the complex interplay between accumulating genetic mutations during viral evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized computational methods to reconstruct the ancestral influenza protein sequence from 1968.
  • Employed comparative genomic analysis to trace the accumulation of genetic mutations leading to the 2007 protein sequence.

Main Results:

  • Identified specific genetic mutations that were critical for the protein's functional adaptation over the 39-year period.
  • Demonstrated that the accumulation of mutations followed non-linear patterns, suggesting complex selective pressures.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides novel insights into the mechanisms driving influenza protein evolution.
  • Understanding these mutation interactions is vital for predicting viral evolution and developing effective countermeasures against influenza.
  • This research highlights the importance of long-term genomic surveillance for tracking viral adaptation.