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Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Magnetic Field Lines

Magnetic Field Lines

The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Each of the magnetic field lines forms a closed loop. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.
Magnetic field lines follow several hard-and-fast rules:

Magnetism

Magnetism

Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...

Energy In A Magnetic Field

Energy In A Magnetic Field

If a magnetic field is sustained, there must be a current in a closed circuit or loop, implying some energy has been spent in creating the field. If this energy is not dissipated via the circuit's resistance, it is stored in the field.
Take an ideal inductor with zero resistance. Although it's practically impossible, assume that the coil's resistance is so small that it is practically negligible. The loss of the field's energy to dissipate thermal energy (or heat) is thus negligible.
The energy...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Published on: July 20, 2022

Highly stable and finely tuned magnetic fields generated by permanent magnet assemblies.

E Danieli¹, J Perlo, B Blümich

¹Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.

Physical Review Letters

|May 21, 2013

Summary

This study presents a passive method to stabilize magnetic fields from permanent magnets by combining materials with different temperature sensitivities. This technique enhances the temporal stability of magnetic fields for various applications.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Physics
Engineering

Background:

Permanent magnets offer power-free magnetic fields but are susceptible to temperature variations, affecting temporal stability.
This sensitivity limits their use in applications requiring precise and consistent magnetic fields over time.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and demonstrate a passive, accurate method for canceling the temperature coefficient of permanent magnet assemblies.
To improve the temporal field stability of permanent magnet-based systems.

Main Methods:

Combining at least two magnetic material units with different temperature coefficients.
Arranging units so the ratio of generated fields matches the ratio of their effective temperature coefficients.
Aligning the fields from each unit in opposite directions to achieve cancellation.

Main Results:

Successfully demonstrated a method to passively cancel temperature-induced drift in permanent magnet assemblies.
Validated the approach using a dipolar Halbach magnet, showing stabilized field drift and homogeneity.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed the effectiveness of the thermal compensation.

Conclusions:

The developed passive thermal compensation method significantly enhances the temporal stability of permanent magnet fields.
This approach is compatible with existing strategies for fine-tuning spatial field dependence.
The technique offers a robust solution for applications demanding stable, long-term magnetic fields.