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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Grain Boundaries
09:51

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Grain Boundaries

Published on: April 22, 2013

Characterization of second-phase plates in a Gd₅Ge₃ intermetallic compound.

Q Cao1, L S Chumbley

  • 1Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3020, USA.

Microscopy (Oxford, England)
|May 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Rare-earth intermetallic compounds exhibit unique co-existence. Gd₅Ge₃ was found to contain Gd₅Ge₄ plates, reversing their typical matrix-precipitate roles and increasing variants.

Keywords:
energy dispersive spectrometermicrostructurerare-earth intermetallicsscanning electron microscopytransmission electron microscopy

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Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers
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Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers
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Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Published on: October 5, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Rare-earth (R) compounds with stoichiometry R₅(Si(x)Ge(1-x))₄ display unusual microstructural behavior.
  • The intermetallic systems R₅Si₃ and R₅Si₄ commonly exhibit precipitation of one phase from the other.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the microstructure of Gadolinium (Gd) based intermetallics, specifically Gd₅Ge₃.
  • To understand the unique co-existence and phase relationship between Gd₅Ge₃ and Gd₅Ge₄.

Main Methods:

  • Microstructural examination of Gd₅Ge₃ using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
  • Optical microscopy was also employed for bulk microstructure analysis.
  • Determination of the orientation relationship between the observed phases.

Main Results:

  • SEM revealed thin plates within the Gd₅Ge₃ matrix, analogous to precipitation in Gd₅Ge₄.
  • TEM confirmed these plates were Gd₅Ge₄, indicating a role reversal compared to typical observations.
  • The orientation relationship between Gd₅Ge₄ plates and Gd₅Ge₃ matrix was determined and found to be identical to that of Gd₅Ge₃ plates in Gd₅Ge₄, but with increased variants.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates a unique phase reversal and co-existence between Gd₅Ge₃ and Gd₅Ge₄.
  • Exchanging the matrix and precipitate roles increases the number of observed precipitation variants from two to six.
  • Understanding the kinetics and thermodynamics of this unique relationship is challenging due to high formation temperatures.