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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

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Published on: May 19, 2020

Annual immunisation coverage report, 2010.

Brynley Hull¹, Aditi Dey, Rob Menzies

¹National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney.

Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report

|May 23, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Australian childhood immunisation coverage in 2010 remained high, with over 90% of children fully vaccinated by 24 months. However, specific vaccines like rotavirus and varicella showed lower uptake, and disparities persisted for Indigenous children.

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An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Immunology
Epidemiology

Background:

The Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR) provides annual reports on national immunisation trends.
This report details 2010 immunisation coverage for standard age milestones and vaccines on the National Immunisation Program (NIP).
It includes, for the first time, adolescent and elderly vaccination coverage from additional sources.

Observation:

In 2010, 91.6% of children were fully vaccinated by 12 months, 92.1% by 24 months, and 89.1% by 60 months.
Coverage varied for non-assessed NIP vaccines: pneumococcal (similar to others), rotavirus (84.7% at 12 months), and varicella (83.0% at 24 months).
Coverage for vaccines recommended only for Indigenous children (hepatitis A, pneumococcal polysaccharide) remained suboptimal at approximately 57%.

Findings:

Overall 24-month coverage exceeded 12-month coverage, partly due to delayed vaccinations and incentive programs.
The 'fully immunised' rate by 60 months increased significantly to nearly 90% in 2010, likely due to updated incentive requirements.
While delayed vaccination improved for Indigenous children by 60 months, disparities in on-time vaccination at earlier milestones persisted.

Implications:

High overall childhood immunisation coverage is maintained, but targeted strategies are needed for underperforming vaccines like rotavirus and varicella.
Addressing the persistent vaccination gap for Indigenous children is crucial for health equity.
The report provides valuable data for public health policy and program evaluation, including insights into adolescent and elderly vaccination trends.