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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated. Under...
Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
05:45

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Published on: November 2, 2015

Neurobiological insight into hyperbaric hyperoxia.

A Micarelli1, H Jacobsson, S A Larsson

  • 1Department of Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, 'Tor Vergata' University, Rome, Italy.

Acta Physiologica (Oxford, England)
|May 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyperbaric hyperoxia (HBO) increases brain blood flow in sensory and visual areas. This study reveals HBO enhances brain perfusion in regions linked to attention and resting states, suggesting potential benefits for TBI and stroke patients.

Keywords:
SPECTattention systemhyperbaric hyperoxiaposterior cingulated cortexrCBF

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
05:45

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Published on: November 2, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Hyperbaric hyperoxia (HBO) influences brain metabolism, vasoreactivity, and blood flow.
  • Mechanisms of HBO's therapeutic effects in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke remain debated.
  • Understanding regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes during HBO is crucial for clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) distribution during acute hyperbaric hyperoxia (HBO) exposure.
  • To elucidate the impact of HBO on brain perfusion in healthy subjects.

Main Methods:

  • Seven healthy subjects were exposed to normobaric normoxia or HBO (250/250 kPa).
  • Regional cerebral blood flow was assessed using a perfusion tracer and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
  • Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) analyzed rCBF distribution changes.

Main Results:

  • HBO increased relative rCBF in sensory-motor, visual, and posterior cingulate cortices, superior frontal gyrus, temporal lobes, angular gyrus, and cerebellum.
  • Increased perfusion was observed predominantly in the dominant hemisphere.
  • Normobaric normoxia showed higher tracer distribution in the insula, subcortical structures, hippocampi, and anterior cingulate cortex.

Conclusions:

  • HBO confirmed to increase rCBF in sensory-motor and visual cortices.
  • HBO demonstrated increased perfusion in the dorsal attention system and default mode network for the first time.
  • Findings suggest HBO may improve externally and internally directed cognition, offering potential benefits for TBI and stroke patients.