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Related Concept Videos

Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Stem Cell Niche01:26

Stem Cell Niche

The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Updated: May 11, 2026

Classification of Neural Stem Cell Activation State In Vitro Using Autofluorescence
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Published on: April 12, 2024

The stem cell state.

Gary R Hime1, Helen E Abud

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. g.hime@unimelb.edu.au

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Stem cell maintenance relies on controlling gene expression at both transcriptional and translational levels. Key regulators, including repressors and microRNAs, prevent differentiation and maintain the stem cell state across various cell types.

Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Stem cell maintenance is critical for development and tissue repair.
  • Maintaining the stem cell state involves intricate regulatory mechanisms.
  • Transcriptional and translational control are fundamental to stem cell function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the latest findings on transcriptional and translational regulation in stem cells.
  • To explore the roles of repressors, epigenetic modifiers, and RNA-binding proteins in stem cell maintenance.
  • To provide examples across embryonic, induced pluripotent stem (iPS), and adult stem cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on stem cell regulatory mechanisms.
  • Analysis of transcriptional activators and repressors.

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  • Examination of epigenetic regulation by the Polycomb complex.
  • Investigation of post-transcriptional regulation by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs.

    • Main Results:

    • Transcriptional and translational regulation are essential for maintaining the stem cell state.
    • Repression of differentiation factors is a key mechanism, achieved through multiple pathways.
    • General principles are illustrated across diverse stem cell types (embryonic, iPS, adult).
    • Specific molecular families involved in regulating multiple stem cell populations are described.

    Conclusions:

    • Complex regulatory networks govern stem cell identity and function.
    • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for regenerative medicine and developmental biology.
    • The findings highlight conserved and specific regulatory strategies across different stem cell types.