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Related Concept Videos

Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

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Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Microbiota of Attine Ants' Gardens: Visualizing a Microbial Landscape by Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Microbes as architects of colonic patterning.

Dena Lyras1, Wing Hei Chan2, Helen E Abud2

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.

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|April 9, 2026
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Summary

Microbes regulate colonic epithelial regionalization through nicotinic acid signaling. This microbial interaction influences tissue identity and alters zones of tissue injury in the gut.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The colonic epithelium exhibits regional functional organization.
  • This epithelium harbors a dense microbial community.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of microbes in colonic epithelial regionalization.
  • To identify microbial mechanisms regulating proximal colonic identity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of microbial metabolites.
  • Assessment of epithelial cell signaling pathways.
  • Evaluation of tissue identity markers.
  • Histological examination of colonic tissue.

Main Results:

  • Microbial nicotinic acid directly influences proximal colonic epithelial identity.
  • Nicotinic acid activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in epithelial cells.
  • Alterations in epithelial identity modify the extent of tissue injury zones.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial metabolites are crucial regulators of intestinal epithelial regionalization.
  • The gut microbiota shapes host tissue identity and response to injury.