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Related Experiment Video

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Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
08:07

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

Published on: November 23, 2019

Reduced prefrontal cortex activation using the Trail Making Test in schizophrenia.

Ryo Fujiki1, Kiichiro Morita, Mamoru Sato

  • 1Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume-City, Japan ; Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume-City, Japan.

Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
|May 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Schizophrenia patients exhibit reduced prefrontal cortex activity during cognitive tasks, indicated by lower oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) changes. This hypoactivity correlates with symptom severity, suggesting oxy-Hb measurement as a potential outcome assessment tool.

Keywords:
Trail Making Testexecutive functionmultichannel near-infrared spectroscopyprefrontal cortexschizophrenia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Schizophrenia is linked to prefrontal cortex deficits affecting attention and executive functions.
  • The Trail Making Test (TMT), comprising TMT-A and TMT-B, assesses executive processes.
  • Hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex are crucial for cognitive task performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare prefrontal cortex hemodynamic changes during TMT tasks between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.
  • To investigate the relationship between brain activity, executive function assessment, and symptom severity in schizophrenia.
  • To evaluate the utility of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for measuring functional outcomes in schizophrenia.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentration changes.
  • Compared hemodynamic responses during TMT-A and TMT-B in 14 schizophrenia outpatients and 14 matched healthy controls.
  • Analyzed the difference in oxy-Hb changes between TMT-A and TMT-B to assess executive function-related cerebral lateralization and activity.

Main Results:

  • Schizophrenia patients demonstrated significantly lower prefrontal cortex activation (oxy-Hb changes) compared to controls during both TMT tasks.
  • The subtraction of TMT-A oxy-Hb changes from TMT-B changes revealed decreased cerebral lateralization and hypoactivity in patients, indicating impaired executive function.
  • A significant negative correlation was observed between oxy-Hb changes and the severity of psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia patients.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced prefrontal cortex activity and impaired executive function are characteristic hemodynamic features in schizophrenia patients during TMT tasks.
  • NIRS measurement of oxy-Hb changes during TMT tasks shows potential as a sensitive biomarker for assessing functional outcomes and disease-related changes in schizophrenia.
  • These findings highlight the neurobiological underpinnings of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and suggest novel assessment strategies.