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Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Stress: General Loading Conditions

Stress: General Loading Conditions

To grasp the intricacy of real-world conditions where multiple loads are applied simultaneously to a structure, one might visualize a section passing through a specific point within a body, aligned parallel to the xy plane. This section is subjected to various forces, including original loads, normal forces, and shearing forces.
The shearing force, possessing potential directionality within the plane of the section, is simplified into two component forces running parallel to the x and y axes.

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

Applications of Stress

Applications of Stress

Consider a structure made of a boom and a rod designed to support a load. These two components are connected by a pin and stabilized by brackets and pins. The boom and the rod are detached from their supports to assess the different stresses imposed on this structure, and a free-body diagram is drawn. Then, all the forces applied, including the load acting on the structure, are identified. The reaction forces exerted on both the boom and the rod are computed using the equilibrium equations.
The...

Stresses under Combined Loadings

Stresses under Combined Loadings

When analyzing a bent tube with a circular cross-section subjected to multiple forces, it is crucial to determine the stress distribution in order to maintain structural integrity under varied load conditions.
The process begins by slicing the tube at critical points and analyzing the internal forces and stress components at these sections, focusing on the centroid. Normal stresses, generated by axial forces and bending moments, are either compressive or tensile and vary across the section from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Numerical simulation of load-induced bone structural remodelling using stress-limit criterion.

Ali Marzban¹, Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi, Ashkan Vaziri

¹a Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , MA 02115 , USA.

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering

|May 24, 2013

Summary

A new numerical method predicts bone remodelling using the trajectorial architecture theory. This computational approach accurately simulates proximal femur density distributions, offering insights into bone adaptation under mechanical loading.

Keywords:

bone density proximal femur stress-based method structural remodelling

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A Coupled Experiment-finite Element Modeling Methodology for Assessing High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Soft Biomaterials

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Published on: May 18, 2015

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

A Coupled Experiment-finite Element Modeling Methodology for Assessing High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Soft Biomaterials

A Coupled Experiment-finite Element Modeling Methodology for Assessing High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Soft Biomaterials

Published on: May 18, 2015

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Computational Biology
Materials Science

Background:

Bone remodelling is a complex adaptive process influenced by mechanical loading.
Accurate prediction of bone density distribution is crucial for understanding skeletal health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To present and implement a simple, efficient numerical method for predicting material and structural remodelling.
To apply this method to simulate proximal femur density distribution under physiological loading conditions.

Main Methods:

Utilized a finite element framework incorporating the trajectorial architecture theory of optimisation.
Calculated hip joint and muscle attachment forces using a 3D finite element model of the proximal femur.
Simulated density distribution of the proximal femur in the frontal plane.

Main Results:

The simulated density distributions showed qualitative similarity to in vivo observations.
High-density channels, intramedullary canal, and low-density regions in the femoral neck were accurately reproduced.
Parametric studies demonstrated fast convergence and low computational cost of the proposed method.

Conclusions:

The developed numerical method is effective for predicting bone structural remodelling.
The method shows potential for applications in understanding bone adaptation and in predicting bone changes in conditions like cancer.
The computational efficiency makes it suitable for complex biomechanical analyses.