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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

Olfactory function in healthy children: normative data for odor identification.

Erik van Spronsen1, Fenna A Ebbens, Wytske J Fokkens

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. e.vanspronsen@amc.uva.nl

American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
|May 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study provides normative data for the Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test in children. Age, gender, and prior ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgery significantly impact odor identification test results.

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Published on: September 18, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Pediatric Olfaction Research

Background:

  • Olfactory disorders are common in pediatric ear, nose, and throat (ENT) practice.
  • Objective olfactory assessment in children requires robust normative data.
  • Current olfactory tests often lack sufficient normative data for young populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative data for the Sniffin' Sticks screening test in a pediatric population.
  • To identify factors influencing olfactory test outcomes in children.

Main Methods:

  • The Sniffin' Sticks screening test was administered to 201 healthy Dutch children.
  • Data collected included age, height, gender, weight, peak nasal inspiratory flow, history of ENT surgery, and parental smoking habits.

Main Results:

  • Age, gender, and previous ENT surgery were found to significantly influence olfactory test results.
  • Normative data for the Sniffin' Sticks test in children were established.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides essential normative data for the Sniffin' Sticks test in a general pediatric population.
  • Key determinants influencing olfactory test outcomes in children have been identified, aiding clinical diagnosis.