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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet cell...
Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Asthma I: Introduction01:28

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
08:47

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

Published on: March 3, 2023

Chapter 4: Chronic rhinosinusitis.

Russell A Settipane1, Anju T Peters, Rakesh Chandra

  • 1Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. russell_settipane@brown.edu

American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
|May 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common condition causing nasal inflammation. Management focuses on controlling symptoms with intranasal corticosteroids, saline irrigation, and antibiotics for exacerbations.

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Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
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Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay
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Published on: September 22, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Allergy and Immunology

Background:

  • Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent condition affecting millions, characterized by persistent nasal and sinus inflammation.
  • It impacts quality of life due to symptoms like nasal blockage, discharge, and facial pain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the definition, diagnosis, and management of chronic rhinosinusitis.
  • To provide evidence-based recommendations for medical and surgical interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current medical literature and clinical guidelines.
  • Diagnostic criteria based on symptomatology, nasal endoscopy, and CT imaging.

Main Results:

  • CRS is defined by specific symptom clusters and objective evidence of inflammation.
  • Maintenance therapy includes intranasal corticosteroids and saline irrigation.
  • Exacerbations may require short courses of antibiotics and oral corticosteroids.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic rhinosinusitis is a manageable condition, not typically curable.
  • Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is an option for refractory cases.
  • Evidence supports intranasal corticosteroids and saline irrigation as primary maintenance therapies.