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Related Concept Videos

Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway01:29

Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway

Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
Equipment Required
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas
07:00

Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas

Published on: February 28, 2019

Chapter 10: Sinonasal malignancies.

Richard J Harvey1, Dustin M Dalgorf

  • 1Applied Medical Research Center, St Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, and Macquarie University, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. richard@richardharvey.com.au

American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
|May 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Malignant sinonasal tumors are rare head and neck cancers often diagnosed late due to subtle symptoms. Early detection requires high clinical suspicion, accurate histopathology, and advanced imaging for effective multimodality treatment.

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas
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Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas

Published on: February 28, 2019

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Head and Neck Surgery
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Malignant tumors of the sinonasal tract are uncommon and often present with unilateral symptoms, mimicking inflammatory conditions.
  • Diagnosis relies on high clinical suspicion due to non-specific presenting symptoms.
  • Risk factors include occupational exposure to by-products from woodworking, metal, textile, and leather industries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic investigations, and treatment principles for malignant sinonasal tumors.
  • To emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and accurate staging.
  • To provide an overview of current management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of sinonasal malignancy classification (epithelial and nonepithelial origins).
  • Discussion of clinical presentation and diagnostic workup, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • Outline of multimodality treatment approaches, focusing on surgical excision and postoperative radiotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Sinonasal malignancies encompass diverse types, including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma, chondrosarcoma, and mucosal melanoma.
  • Accurate histopathology and staging are crucial for treatment planning.
  • Comprehensive imaging (CT and MRI) is essential for determining local disease extent.

Conclusions:

  • Malignant sinonasal tumors require a high index of suspicion for early diagnosis.
  • Multimodality therapy, including surgery and radiotherapy, is the cornerstone of management.
  • Accurate histopathological diagnosis and staging are critical for optimal patient outcomes.