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Updated: May 11, 2026

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects
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Published on: May 10, 2019

Social class rank, essentialism, and punitive judgment.

Michael W Kraus1, Dacher Keltner

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. mwkraus@illinois.edu

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|May 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Higher social class rank correlates with essentialist beliefs about social categories, reducing support for restorative justice. These findings suggest class-based essentialism may limit social mobility and opportunity.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

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Published on: September 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Social class perceptions influence social cognition, including attribution and moral judgment.
  • Essentialist theories posit inherent, biological differences in social categories.
  • Restorative justice focuses on offender rehabilitation over punishment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between social class rank and essentialist beliefs about social class.
  • To examine how social class essentialism affects support for restorative justice.
  • To explore mediating factors in the relationship between social class and essentialism.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional studies correlating social class rank with essentialism and justice preferences.
  • Experimental manipulation of essentialist beliefs to assess impact on restorative justice support.
  • Mediation analysis to identify underlying mechanisms, including belief in a just world.

Main Results:

  • Higher social class rank was associated with increased endorsement of social class essentialism.
  • Higher social class rank correlated with decreased support for restorative justice.
  • Essentialist beliefs, when manipulated, reduced preference for restorative justice; belief in a just world mediated the class-essentialism link.

Conclusions:

  • Social class rank influences essentialist lay theories of social categories.
  • Class-based essentialism may reduce support for rehabilitative justice approaches.
  • Essentialist beliefs may perpetuate social inequality by constraining opportunity and mobility.