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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Primary thyroid lymphoma: a clinical review.

Stephanie Aleskow Stein¹, Leonard Wartofsky

¹Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

|May 30, 2013

Summary

Primary thyroid lymphoma is rare but important to diagnose early. Suspect it in patients with rapidly enlarging neck masses, especially women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, for timely treatment.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Hematology
Endocrinology

Background:

Primary thyroid lymphoma is a rare malignancy, distinct from other thyroid cancers and extranodal lymphomas.
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing this uncommon disorder.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for primary thyroid lymphoma.

Main Methods:

Literature search of PubMed and MDConsult for English-language articles on primary thyroid lymphoma.
Focused review on articles published within the last 5 years, including original research, reviews, and case series.

Main Results:

Suspicion of primary thyroid lymphoma is warranted in cases of rapidly enlarging neck masses, particularly in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Diagnostic tools include ultrasound with specific features and biopsy; fine-needle aspiration is effective with experienced physicians.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common and aggressive subtype, contrasting with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.

Treatment varies from radiation for localized mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma to combined chemotherapy and radiation for disseminated or aggressive forms.

Conclusions:

Primary thyroid lymphoma diagnosis should be considered in patients with enlarging neck masses and a history of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Recent advancements in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions have significantly impacted patient management.