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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Thyroid carcino-sarcoma in a dog.

Antonio Giuliano¹, Jessica Grant, Jerome Benoit

¹Veterinary Referral Cancer and Critical Care, Laindon, UK. anto.giuliano81@hotmail.it

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association

|May 31, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A rare thyroid carcino-sarcoma in a greyhound showed successful local tumor control with surgery and radiotherapy. However, adjuvant chemotherapy did not prevent distant metastasis, highlighting limitations in treating this canine cancer.

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Area of Science:

Veterinary oncology
Comparative pathology

Background:

Thyroid carcino-sarcoma is a rare malignancy in dogs.
This case presents the eighth documented instance in veterinary literature.

Observation:

An adult male greyhound was diagnosed with thyroid carcino-sarcoma using histopathology and immunohistochemistry (cytokeratin and vimentin).
The tumor exhibited local control following surgical excision and radiotherapy.

Findings:

Adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin, metronomic cyclophosphamide, and toceranib failed to prevent or delay distant metastasis.
The greyhound survived for seven months post-diagnosis.

Implications:

Multimodal treatment including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy was attempted.
Chemotherapy's ineffectiveness in preventing metastatic progression aligns with findings in human medicine, suggesting limited efficacy for advanced thyroid carcino-sarcoma in dogs.