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Related Concept Videos

Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...
Sampling Methods: Overview01:06

Sampling Methods: Overview

A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
In analytical chemistry, the choice of sampling...
Random Sampling Method01:09

Random Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest. Among the various sampling methods used by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Introducing an Angle Adjustable Cutting Box for Analyzing Slice Shear Force in Meat
09:30

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Published on: April 26, 2013

Two sampling techniques for game meat.

Maretha van der Merwe1, Piet J Jooste, Louw C Hoffman

  • 1Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. marethavdm7@gmail.com

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
|May 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Swabbing is a superior method for sampling game carcasses compared to excision, yielding more representative bacterial counts and improving recovery rates for aerobic plate count (APC), Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. This technique ensures carcass integrity and enhances food safety assessments.

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Area of Science:

  • Food microbiology
  • Animal science
  • Public health

Background:

  • Current food safety protocols often rely on different sampling techniques for export and local markets.
  • The excision sampling method is used for export, while the biotrace cattle and swine test (swabbing) is preferred in European countries.
  • Standardized comparison of these methods for game carcasses is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of excision sampling versus swabbing for bacterial analysis of game carcasses.
  • To determine which sampling method provides more representative results for aerobic plate count (APC), Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus.
  • To assess the impact of each method on carcass integrity.

Main Methods:

  • A pilot study on spiked beef carcasses (n=12) established correlation between gram (excision) and cm2 (swabbing) units.
  • Excision and swabbing techniques were applied to the same game carcasses (n=13).
  • Analyses included aerobic plate count (APC), Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus for both methods.

Main Results:

  • Swabbing yielded more representative bacterial counts and caused no damage to the carcass.
  • Excision sampling resulted in fewer detected organisms and minor carcass damage.
  • The recovery ratio significantly improved with swabbing: 5.4x for APC, 108.0x for E. coli, and 3.4x for S. aureus.

Conclusions:

  • Swabbing is a more effective sampling technique for bacterial profiling of game carcasses.
  • Both excision and swabbing can be used for bacterial profiling of export and local game carcasses.
  • Swabbing can help ensure local game carcasses meet the safety standards of export-marketed ones for human consumption.