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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...

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Related Experiment Video

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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

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Central sleep apnea.

S Javaheri1, J A Dempsey

  • 1University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. javaheri@snorenomore.com

Comprehensive Physiology
|May 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Central sleep apnea (CSA) stems from breathing control failures, often linked to conditions like heart failure or opioid use. Recognizing and treating CSA can significantly improve patient health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Sleep Medicine
  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Central sleep apnea (CSA) is characterized by a temporary failure of the respiratory control system in the brainstem.
  • CSA is a polysomnographic finding observed in various pathophysiological conditions, with varying clinical significance.
  • While some instances of CSA are benign (e.g., at sleep onset), others are associated with significant health consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neurophysiological basis of central sleep apnea.
  • To discuss the clinical significance and common causes of central sleep apnea.
  • To explore the known pathophysiological mechanisms of central sleep apnea, particularly in heart failure and hypoxia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of neurophysiological and polysomnographic findings related to central sleep apnea.
  • Analysis of clinical conditions associated with central sleep apnea, including high-altitude sojourn, congestive heart failure, and opioid use.
  • Examination of the physiological mechanisms underlying central sleep apnea, focusing on CO2 sensitivity and apneic thresholds.

Main Results:

  • Central sleep apnea originates from a failure in the pontomedullary respiratory pacemaker.
  • Common causes in adults include congestive heart failure and chronic opioid therapy, which can disrupt sleep and cause desaturation.
  • The mechanism involves a decrease in partial pressure of carbon dioxide below the apneic threshold, leading to cessation of breathing.

Conclusions:

  • Diagnosis and treatment of central sleep apnea in specific populations can enhance quality of life and potentially reduce morbidity and mortality.
  • While mechanisms are understood in heart failure and hypoxia, the underlying causes of CSA in many other disorders require further investigation.
  • Understanding the diverse mechanisms of CSA is crucial for effective clinical management and therapeutic development.