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Observational Studies

Observational Studies

Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One example of...

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...

Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Cross-Sectional Research

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...

Study Designs in Epidemiology

Study Designs in Epidemiology

Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies.

Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

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Measurement of the Directional Information Flow in fNIRS-Hyperscanning Data using the Partial Wavelet Transform Coherence Method

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Introduction to the CANWARD study (2007–11).

Daryl J Hoban¹, George G Zhanel

¹Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0J9. dhoban@dsmanitoba.ca

The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

|May 31, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Canadian hospitals is a growing concern. The CANWARD study tracked resistance trends from 2007-2011, revealing ongoing challenges for effective antimicrobial use.

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Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Microbiology
Public Health

Background:

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health challenge, impacting treatment efficacy and healthcare costs.
National surveillance programs are crucial for monitoring AMR trends and informing public health strategies.
The Canadian National Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (CANWARD) study was established to address these needs within Canada.

Observation:

The CANWARD study collected data on pathogens from Canadian hospitals between 2007 and 2011.
Surveillance focused on both inpatient and outpatient settings, across various hospital wards and infection sites.
Data encompassed common infectious processes, including urinary tract, bloodstream, respiratory, and wound infections.

Findings:

The initial five years of the CANWARD study (2007–2011) documented the continued emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Canadian healthcare settings.
Analysis revealed specific trends in resistance patterns across different hospital units and infection types.
Pathogen data highlighted the persistent challenge of AMR in both community and hospital-acquired infections.

Implications:

Findings provide critical, up-to-date information on the status of antimicrobial resistance in Canada.
Healthcare professionals can utilize this data to optimize antimicrobial prescribing practices and infection control measures.
This surveillance data supports national and global efforts to combat the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance.