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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus01:15

Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
Near the gonadal ridges, two duct systems are present: the mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) and paramesonephric ducts (Müllerian ducts). These ducts form the basis for the male...
Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...
Tissues01:18

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main types of tissue in vertebrates: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Overview01:22

Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Overview

Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the number of cell layers formed. Cell shapes can be squamous (flattened and thin), cuboidal (square-like, as wide as it is tall), or columnar (rectangular, taller than it is wide). Additionally, the nucleus shape helps identify the type of epithelial cells. Squamous cells have flattened disc-shaped nuclei, cuboidal cells have spherical nuclei, and columnar cells have elongated nuclei.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index
09:57

How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index

Published on: January 2, 2012

Sex differences in thickness, and folding developments throughout the cortex.

A Kadir Mutlu1, Maude Schneider, Martin Debbané

  • 1University of Geneva, Rue David-Dufour 1, Case postale 50, 1211 Genève 8, Switzerland.

Neuroimage
|June 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals significant sex differences in cortical maturation from age 6 to 30. Females show faster cortical thinning in specific brain regions during adolescence, suggesting earlier social brain development.

Keywords:
Brain maturationCortical foldingCortical thicknessGender differencesGyrificationNeuroimaging

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Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices
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Published on: January 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • Sex differences in brain structure are well-documented.
  • Few studies have explored sex-specific trajectories of cortical maturation over time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex differences in cortical thickness and gyrification maturation from childhood to early adulthood.
  • To identify age-related changes in cortical development between males and females.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 209 longitudinal brain MRI scans from individuals aged 6 to 30 years.
  • Employed non-linear mixed effects models to analyze cortical thickness and gyrification changes.
  • Examined sex differences in the developmental trajectories of cortical maturation.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex differences were found in cortical thickness maturation trajectories.
  • Females exhibited a faster rate of cortical thinning in specific regions (right temporal, left temporoparietal junction, left orbitofrontal cortex) during adolescence.
  • Distinct sex differences in cortical folding maturation were observed, primarily in right prefrontal regions.

Conclusions:

  • Cortical maturation follows distinct developmental paths in males and females.
  • Faster maturation in female social brain areas may contribute to observed sex differences in psychiatric disorder onset and presentation.
  • Mechanisms underlying cortical thickness and gyrification changes appear distinct.