Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 10, 2026

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives
Published on: May 17, 2020
Microtensile bond strengths for six 2-step and two 1-step self-etch adhesive systems to enamel and dentin
Alessandra Reis1, Alessandro Dourado Loguercio, Adriana Pigozzo Manso
1Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Bloco M, sala 64, CEP 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
Purpose:
To examine the microtensile bond strengths (microTBS) of six 1-step and one 2-step self-etch systems to dentin and ground enamel.
Methods:
Resin composite buildups were bonded to buccal and lingual ground enamel surfaces, and to occlusal dentin of third molars using the following 1-step adhesives: Xeno IV (XE), GBond (GB), Clearfil S3 Bond (CS3); Adper Prompt L-Pop (AD); Go (GO) and All Bond SE (1-step; ABSE), in comparison to the 2-steps (All Bond SE; (2-step ABSE) and Clearfil SE Bond (CSE). After storage in water (24 hour/37 degrees C), the bonded specimens were sectioned into beams approximately 0.9 mm2. These beams were tested until failure at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. Data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis (alpha = 0.05).
Results:
The total number of specimens/premature debonding specimens (PDS) for each adhesive were, respectively, in enamel: XE (59/36), GB (63/33), CS3 (62/29), AD (47/19), GO (53/14), 1-step ABSE (61/29), 2-step ABSE (57/14) and CSE (58/13); and in dentin: XE (51/24), GB (50/7), CS3 (53/13), ADP (51/1), GO (43/8), 1-step ABSE (59/2), 1-step ABSE (56/0) and CSE (47/0). The fracture pattern was predominantly adhesive/mixture for all adhesives in dentin (51.5 to 99%) and in enamel (34.8 to 75.4%), however XE (61.2) and GB (52.5) had more than 50% PDS. For ground enamel, no significant difference was detected among materials in the same subgroup (with or without PDS). However, there was a significant difference for all adhesives when subgroups (with and without PDS, respectively) were tested against each other: XE (7.9/10.5 double dagger 19.7/5.5), GB (8.6/10.5 double dagger 17.2/7.4), CS3 (8.8/10.3 double dagger 15.7/5.6), AD (13.0/12.0 = 20.3/8.9), Go (18.2/13.8 = 25.1/10.0), 1-step ABSE (15.9/11.4 = 16.2/5.4), 2-step ABSE (8.4/9.1 double dagger 25.3/7.9) and CSE (17.6/16.3 = 19.9/7.8). For dentin, no difference was found when subgroups for the same adhesive were tested against each other (with or without PDS). However, significantly higher resin-dentin bond strength was observed for adhesives in the following order: CSE (38.5/6.5 = 38.5/6.5) > or = 2-step ABSE (41.4/16.3 double dagger 42.4/19.3) = 1-step ABSE (43.9/17.7 = 44.2/17.1) = AD (34.4/14.2 = 35.2/13.3) < or = CS3 (31.9/19.4 = 40.1/13.4) double dagger GB (14.3/6.3 = 16.3/5.9) = Go (14.2/13.9 = 22.4/12.6) double dagger XE (7.1/5.4 = 9.5/5.1), respectively for with PDS and without PDS. All materials showed similar performance on ground enamel. The performance of one-step self-etch systems to dentin appears to be material-dependent. Adper Prompt L-Pop, Clearfil S3 Bond and the 1-step All Bond SE had microTBS similar to Clearfil SE Bond and the 2-step All Bond SE, while Xeno IV and GBond had significantly lower microTBS values. Go had an intermediate performance.
Related Concept Videos
Bonding and Strength of Aggregate
Chemical Bonds
Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds
An ionic bond is formed due to electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Often, the ions are formed by the transfer of electrons from...
Strength of Cement
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in ASTM C...
Tensile Strength Considerations of Concrete
The dimensions and shape of a concrete specimen also...
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared.
Relation Between Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength of Concrete
