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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
11:10

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

Intergenerational phenotypic mixing in viral evolution.

Claude Loverdo1, James O Lloyd-Smith

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. loverdo@ucla.edu

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|June 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phenotypic mixing, where viral genomes interact with proteins from different strains, is common and impacts viral evolution. This phenomenon can delay the effects of mutations, influencing the emergence of adapted viral strains.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
11:10

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Viral particles (virions) consist of genomic material and proteins from the host cell.
  • Coinfection with multiple viral strains can lead to phenotypic mixing, where viral genomes interact with proteins from different strains.
  • Phenotypic mixing is a widespread phenomenon due to frequent viral mutations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the commonality and impact of phenotypic mixing in viral evolution.
  • To understand how the timing of phenotypic changes relative to mutations affects viral adaptation.
  • To highlight the importance of considering mutational mechanisms and fitness determinants in modeling viral dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • The study discusses the phenomenon of phenotypic mixing based on existing knowledge of viral particle composition and mutation rates.
  • It analyzes the implications of phenotypic mixing on the temporal relationship between mutations and phenotypic changes.
  • The abstract implies a theoretical or modeling approach to understand viral evolution dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Phenotypic mixing is more common than previously assumed, occurring frequently due to high viral mutation rates.
  • Changes in viral phenotypes can be temporally decoupled from the mutations causing them by one generation.
  • This temporal shift significantly influences the probability of adapted viral strain emergence, especially in evolutionary invasion and escape scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotypic mixing plays a crucial role in viral evolution by altering the timing of phenotypic adaptation.
  • Accurate modeling of viral evolution requires careful consideration of mutation mechanisms and fitness landscapes.
  • Understanding phenotypic mixing is essential for predicting the emergence and spread of novel viral strains.