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Related Concept Videos

The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...
The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview

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Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes
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Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

Replicative DNA polymerases.

Erik Johansson1, Nicholas Dixon

  • 1Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden. erik.johnsson@medchem.umu.se

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|June 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA polymerases replicate the genome using a conserved mechanism involving multiple proteins. Recent work reveals a common two-metal ion mechanism and highlights the dynamic, multi-protein replisome structure essential for DNA replication fidelity.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes
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Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
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DNA Polymerase Activity Assay Using Near-infrared Fluorescent Labeled DNA Visualized by Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
07:38

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • DNA polymerases, essential for DNA duplication, cannot initiate DNA synthesis de novo and require a primer.
  • Replicative DNA polymerases depend on accessory proteins like helicases, single-stranded DNA-binding proteins, and primases for genome replication.
  • The Nobel Prize in 1959 recognized foundational work on DNA polymerases by Arthur Kornberg.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize conserved principles of DNA replication across all life forms.
  • To highlight recent findings on the catalytic mechanism of DNA polymerases and replisome structure.
  • To emphasize the dynamic nature and protein-protein interactions within replisomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established knowledge on DNA replication machinery.
  • Integration of recent research on DNA polymerase mechanisms.
  • Analysis of replisome composition and protein interactions.

Main Results:

  • Conserved mechanisms for DNA unwinding, primer synthesis, and polymerase loading are essential for replication.
  • A common two-metal ion-promoted mechanism underlies DNA strand synthesis by replicative polymerases.
  • Replicative DNA polymerases function within large, dynamic multiprotein assemblies called replisomes.

Conclusions:

  • Genome replication is a robust process relying on highly conserved protein machinery.
  • The integrity of replisomes depends on numerous, often weak, protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions.
  • The dynamic nature of replisomes allows for conformational changes but generally prevents their isolation intact.