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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Thyroid associated orbitopathy.

Rajesh Verma1, Mani Gupta, Vinod Kumar Mehta

  • 1Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. drrajeshverma32@yahoo.com

BMJ Case Reports
|June 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) typically causes proptosis, but this case study highlights a rare presentation with ptosis. Prompt treatment with steroids led to significant vision and eye movement recovery.

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune condition linked to Graves' disease, causing eye inflammation and swelling.
  • Typical TAO symptoms include ocular pain, eyelid swelling, chemosis, proptosis, and keratopathy.
  • The underlying mechanism involves orbital swelling that restricts eye muscles and compresses the optic nerve.

Observation:

  • A young adult woman presented with sudden onset of restricted eye movement, partial ptosis, and severely reduced vision in one eye.
  • Orbital MRI revealed significant swelling of recti muscles with signal changes indicative of TAO.
  • Thyroid function tests showed thyroiditis and high thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies, suggesting Hashimoto thyroiditis.

Findings:

  • The patient's presentation of ptosis and vision loss was atypical for TAO, which usually presents with proptosis.
  • Diagnostic imaging and antibody tests confirmed TAO secondary to Hashimoto thyroiditis.
  • Treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral steroids resulted in substantial improvement.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering atypical presentations of TAO, even when ptosis is present instead of the typical proptosis.
  • Early diagnosis and prompt corticosteroid treatment are crucial for managing vision-threatening complications in TAO.
  • The findings emphasize the link between Hashimoto thyroiditis and TAO, highlighting the need for comprehensive thyroid evaluation in patients with orbital inflammatory disease.