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Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides

Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides

Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth. Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to its type. For example, the parenchyma cells of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Using Multiple Light Scattering to Examine the Stability of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extracts Obtained with Different Extraction Methods

Using Multiple Light Scattering to Examine the Stability of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extracts Obtained with Different Extraction Methods

Published on: April 14, 2023

A novel phenolic compound from Phyllanthus emblica.

Gaimei She¹, Ruiyang Cheng, Lei Sha

¹School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.

Natural Product Communications

|June 7, 2013

Summary

A novel compound, mucic acid 3-O-gallate, was identified in Phyllanthus emblica fruit. This research details its isolation and structural confirmation using advanced spectroscopic methods.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Using Multiple Light Scattering to Examine the Stability of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extracts Obtained with Different Extraction Methods

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Semi-Targeted Ultra-High-Performance Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Phenolic Metabolites in Plasma of Elderly Adults

Published on: April 22, 2022

Area of Science:

Phytochemistry
Natural Products Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Phyllanthus emblica L. (Indian gooseberry) is a medicinal plant with a rich history in traditional medicine.
The chemical constituents of P. emblica are known to possess various biological activities.
Further investigation into its phytochemical profile can lead to the discovery of novel bioactive compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

To isolate and characterize new and known compounds from the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L.
To elucidate the chemical structure of the isolated compounds using spectroscopic techniques.
To contribute to the understanding of the phytochemical diversity of P. emblica.

Main Methods:

Extraction of compounds from Phyllanthus emblica fruit.
Isolation of individual compounds using chromatographic techniques.
Structure elucidation using 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and comparison with literature data.

Main Results:

A new compound, mucic acid 3-O-gallate (1), was successfully isolated.
Five known compounds (2-6) were also isolated from the same source.
The structures of all isolated compounds were confirmed through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis.

Conclusions:

The study successfully identified a new mucic acid derivative from P. emblica.
The findings expand the knowledge of P. emblica's chemical constituents.
Mucic acid 3-O-gallate represents a potentially valuable compound for further pharmacological investigation.