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Related Concept Videos

Types of Radioactivity03:23

Types of Radioactivity

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The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:
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Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

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Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
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Nuclear Transmutation

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

3.0K
All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Related Experiment Videos

Search for rare B(0)((s))→μ(+)μ(-)μ(+)μ(-) decays.

R Aaij1, C Abellan Beteta, A Adametz

  • 1Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters
|June 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers searched for rare B meson decays into four muons using LHCb data. No significant signal was observed, leading to new upper limits on these decay rates, constraining new physics models.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • High Energy Physics
  • Hadron Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Searches for rare B meson decays provide sensitive probes of the Standard Model and potential new physics beyond it.
  • The decays B(0)((s))→μ(+)μ(-)μ(+)μ(-) are predicted to be rare within the Standard Model, making their observation a sign of new physics.
  • Previous searches have placed stringent limits on these and related decays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To search for the rare decays B(0)((s))→μ(+)μ(-)μ(+)μ(-) using a large dataset collected by the LHCb detector.
  • To set new upper limits on the branching fractions of these decays.
  • To constrain parameters within a supersymmetric model featuring scalar and pseudoscalar particles decaying into muon pairs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 1.0 fb(-1) of LHCb data collected in 2011.
  • Selection of candidate events with four muons in the final state.
  • Statistical analysis to set upper limits on branching fractions, assuming phase-space models and specific supersymmetric scenarios.

Main Results:

  • The number of observed candidates is consistent with the expected background from Standard Model processes.
  • Upper limits at the 95% confidence level are set: B(B(s)(0)→μ(+)μ(-)μ(+)μ(-))<1.6×10(-8) and B(B(0)→μ(+)μ(-)μ(+)μ(-))<6.6×10(-9).
  • Limits are also set for decays into hypothetical scalar (S) and pseudoscalar (P) particles within a supersymmetric context.

Conclusions:

  • The absence of a significant signal places stringent constraints on the branching fractions of B(0)((s))→μ(+)μ(-)μ(+)μ(-).
  • These results disfavor certain parameter space regions for new physics models, including specific supersymmetric scenarios.
  • The study demonstrates the LHCb experiment's capability to probe rare B meson decays with high precision.