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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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BRAF mutation in the elderly submitted to thyroidectomy.

Antonio Augusto T Bertelli1, Antonio José Gonçalves, Marcelo B Menezes

  • 1Head and Neck Surgery Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. antonio.bertelli@terra.com.br

Revista Do Colegio Brasileiro De Cirurgioes
|June 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The BRAF V600E mutation is common in elderly patients undergoing thyroidectomy, particularly in the classic variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. This mutation may be a significant factor in older individuals with this cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The BRAF V600E mutation is a key driver in various cancers, including papillary thyroid carcinoma.
  • Its prevalence and significance in elderly patients undergoing thyroidectomy require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of the BRAF V600E mutation in patients over 65 years old who underwent thyroidectomy.
  • To correlate the mutation's presence with histological types, variants, and prognostic factors of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 85 patients over 65 years old who underwent thyroidectomy.
  • BRAF V600E mutation analysis using RT-PCR on DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue blocks.

Main Results:

  • The BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 47 patients (55.3%).
  • Among 17 papillary carcinomas, seven (41.2%) harbored the BRAF V600E mutation.
  • A statistically significant association was found between the BRAF V600E mutation and the classic variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, with a trend towards association with thyroid экстравазация.

Conclusions:

  • The BRAF V600E mutation is exclusive to papillary thyroid carcinoma in the elderly population studied and appears to be a significant finding.
  • The mutation is associated with the classic variant and potentially with thyroid экстравазация, suggesting its role in tumor behavior and prognosis in older patients.