Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 10, 2026

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp
Published on: February 3, 2014
Vocal fold hemorrhage: factors predicting recurrence
Christen J Lennon1, Thomas Murry, Lucian Sulica
1Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, U.S.A.
Objectives/Hypothesis:
Vocal fold hemorrhage is an acute phonotraumatic injury treated with voice rest; recurrence is a generally accepted indication for surgical intervention. This study aims to identify factors predictive of recurrence based on outcomes of a large clinical series.
Study Design:
Retrospective cohort.
Methods:
Retrospective review of cases of vocal fold hemorrhage presenting to a university laryngology service. Demographic information was compiled. Videostroboscopic exams were evaluated for hemorrhage extent, presence of varix, mucosal lesion, and/or vocal fold paresis. Vocal fold hemorrhage recurrence was the main outcome measure. Follow-up telephone survey was used to complement clinical data.
Results:
Forty-seven instances of vocal fold hemorrhage were evaluated (25M:22F; 32 professional voice users). Twelve of the 47 (26%) patients experienced recurrence. Only the presence of varix demonstrated significant association with recurrence (P = 0.0089) on multivariate logistic regression.
Conclusion:
Vocal fold hemorrhage recurred in approximately 26% of patients. Varix was a predictor of recurrence, with 48% of those with varix experiencing recurrence. Monitoring, behavioral management and/or surgical intervention may be indicated to treat patients with such characteristics.
Related Concept Videos
Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management
Clinical Manifestations:
Tonsillitis II: Management
Aneurysm III: Interprofessional Care
Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction
Pneumothorax-II
Clinical Manifestations:
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology