In situ live cell sensing of multiple nucleotides exploiting DNA/RNA aptamers and graphene oxide nanosheets

Nucleotides, for example, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP), are primary energy resources for numerous reactions in organisms including microtubule assembly, insulin secretion, ion channel regulation, and so on. In order to advance our understanding of the production and consumption of nucleoside triphosphates, a versatile sensing platform for simultaneous visualization of ATP, GTP, adenosine derivates, and guanosine derivates in living cells has been built up in the present work based on graphene oxide nanosheets (GO-nS) and DNA/RNA aptamers. Taking advantage of the robust fluorescence quenching ability, unique adsorption for single-strand DNA/RNA probes, and efficient intracellular transport capacity of GO-nS, selective and sensitive visualization of multiple nucleoside triphosphates in living cells is successfully realized with the designed aptamer/GO-nS sensing platform. Moreover, GO-nS displays good biocompatibility to living cells and high protecting ability for DNA/RNA probes from enzymatic cleavage. These results demonstrate that the aptamers/GO-nS-based sensing platform is capable of selective, simultaneous, and in situ detection of multiple nucleotides, which hold a great potential for analyzing other biomolecules in living cells.