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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

Published on: November 11, 2011

Deficit in complex sequence processing after a virtual lesion of left BA45.

Emeline Clerget¹, Michael Andres, Etienne Olivier

¹Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgique.

|June 14, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Disrupting anterior Broca's area (Brodmann area 45, BA45) with transcranial magnetic stimulation delayed motor sequence planning in a higher-order task, demonstrating its role in hierarchical motor control.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Motor Control

Background:

Broca's area's contribution to motor cognition is established but its precise function is debated.
Prior functional imaging suggested Broca's area (anterior BA45, posterior BA44) processes hierarchical motor behaviors at different levels.
Functional imaging data is correlational, limiting causal inferences about Broca's area and behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the causal role of Broca's area, specifically BA45 and BA44, in hierarchically organized motor sequences.
To determine if disrupting these areas impacts higher-order versus lower-order motor planning.

Main Methods:

Utilized on-line repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to create temporary 'virtual lesions' in left BA45, left BA44, and left dorsal premotor cortex (PMd).
Healthy volunteers performed two key-press sequences differing in hierarchical organization (lower-order vs. higher-order/superordinate task).
Assessed reaction time (RT) and sequence processing following rTMS disruption.

Main Results:

Disrupting left BA45 significantly delayed initiation cue processing in the higher-order task, but not the lower-order task.
Disrupting left PMd led to a decreased RT in the higher-order task, suggesting a role in impulse control.
No significant effects were observed when disrupting left BA44 in either task.

Conclusions:

Left BA45 causally contributes to the planning of higher-order hierarchical levels in motor sequences.
The findings support a role for anterior Broca's area in abstract motor planning and cognitive control.
Left PMd appears critical for impulse control during complex motor tasks.