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Beyond numerical quantity: A study of the sub-base-five effect in single-digit comparison.

Samuel Lepoittevin1, Laurie Geers1, Michael Andres1

  • 1Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.

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Summary

The sub-base-five effect in number comparison, previously linked to embodied cognition and finger counting, appears to be an artifact. New analysis shows numerical size, not this effect, primarily drives comparison times.

Keywords:
Embodied cognitionNumerical size effectSingle-digitSub-base-five effectSymbolic number comparison

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Numerical Cognition
  • Embodied Cognition

Background:

  • Previous research indicated a "sub-base-five" effect in symbolic number comparison, suggesting a categorical jump in response times for numbers greater than five.
  • This effect was interpreted as evidence for embodied cognition, specifically relating to finger-counting practices using two hands for numbers >5 and one hand for numbers ≤5.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the existence and interpretation of the sub-base-five effect in symbolic number comparison.
  • To disentangle the continuous effect of numerical magnitude from the proposed categorical sub-base-five effect.
  • To investigate alternative explanations for response time variations in digit comparison tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Employed novel analytical techniques to decouple the continuous influence of numerical size from categorical effects in digit comparison.
  • Analyzed response times during the comparison of Arabic numerals.
  • Utilized statistical modeling to control for numerical size and identify categorical influences.

Main Results:

  • Response times in symbolic number comparison are primarily determined by numerical size, with no significant categorical increase between digit pairs involving numbers >5 versus those ≤5.
  • The previously reported sub-base-five effect is likely an artifact of prior modeling methods used to control for numerical size.
  • A distinct response time increase was observed when comparing the numbers 5 and 7, which is not explained by numerical size alone.

Conclusions:

  • The findings challenge the interpretation of the sub-base-five effect as a marker of embodied cognition derived from finger counting.
  • The sub-base-five effect in digit comparison appears to be an artifact, not a reflection of embodied cognitive processes.
  • A novel effect highlighting the special status of prime numbers 5 and 7 in symbolic number comparison warrants further investigation.