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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Frost Action on Concrete01:27

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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission (L.I.F.E.) as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats
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Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission (L.I.F.E.) as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats

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Ice-shelf melting around Antarctica.

E Rignot1, S Jacobs, J Mouginot

  • 1Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. erignot@uci.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Antarctic ice-shelf melting, primarily basal melt, is Antarctica's largest ablation process. Small, warm-cavity ice shelves contribute disproportionately to this melting, indicating significant ocean thermal forcing.

Area of Science:

  • Glaciology
  • Oceanography
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Antarctic ice shelves play a crucial role in regulating ice sheet stability.
  • Understanding ice shelf mass balance is vital for predicting sea-level rise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the rates of melting and mass balance for Antarctic ice shelves.
  • To identify the primary drivers and locations of ice shelf ablation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of volume flux divergence data (2007-2008) with surface accumulation (1979-2010) and thinning (2003-2008) records.
  • Analysis of basal melt rates versus calving flux across different ice shelf types.

Main Results:

  • Basal melt (1325 ± 235 Gt/year) significantly exceeds calving flux (1089 ± 139 Gt/year), establishing melting as the dominant ablation process.

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Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission (L.I.F.E.) as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats
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  • Large ice shelves (Ross, Filchner, Ronne) contribute minimally (15%) to net melting, while smaller, warm-cavity shelves in the Southeast Pacific (8% of area) account for half of the meltwater.
  • High melt/area ratios in six East Antarctic ice shelves suggest strong, uncharacterized ocean thermal forcing at their grounding lines.

    • Conclusions:

    • Ice-shelf melting is the principal driver of Antarctic ice loss.
    • Small, warm-cavity ice shelves are critical contributors to Antarctic melting.
    • Undocumented ocean thermal forcing likely impacts East Antarctic ice shelves.