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Related Concept Videos

Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol abuse, or...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Encephalopathy in critically ill patients.

S R Chandra1, K Suresh, Ranjit Sanuwatson

  • 1Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bangalore.

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
|June 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Critically ill patients may develop potentially reversible encephalopathies, often appearing between days 6-20 of illness in those over 50. Early identification of conditions like Wernicke

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Encephalopathies contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients.
  • These neurological conditions are frequently observed in older adults (over 50 years old).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight potentially reversible encephalopathies in critically ill patients.
  • To emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for improved patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common and less common causes of encephalopathy in critical care settings.
  • Focus on conditions requiring prompt recognition and intervention.

Main Results:

  • Potentially reversible encephalopathies are a significant concern in critical care.
  • Onset typically occurs between the 6th and 20th day of illness in patients over 50.
  • Specific conditions include Wernicke's encephalopathy, osmotic demyelination, hypoglycemia, non-convulsive status epilepticus, cerebral venous thrombosis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection and management of reversible encephalopathies are crucial for reducing mortality and morbidity in critically ill patients.
  • Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for these conditions in the appropriate patient population.