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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow glass...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy
10:37

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Published on: March 16, 2020

Adhesive interfacial interaction affected by different carbon-chain monomers.

Kumiko Yoshihara1, Yasuhiro Yoshida, Noriyuki Nagaoka

  • 1KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|June 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The length of the carbon chain in phosphoric-acid monomers significantly impacts bonding effectiveness to tooth tissue. Longer chains, like in 10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP), create more stable nano-layering for improved adhesion.

Keywords:
AdhesiveDentinFunctional monomerTEMX-ray diffraction

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • 10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) is a functional monomer in self-etch adhesives known for bonding to hydroxyapatite (HAp) and tooth tissue.
  • The phosphoric-acid group of 10-MDP interacts with HAp, but the role of its long carbon-chain spacer in bonding effectiveness is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of carbon chain length in phosphoric-acid monomers on their chemical interaction with HAp and dentin.
  • To compare the bonding effectiveness of 10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP), 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl dihydrogen phosphate (6-MHP), and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate (2-MEP).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyze the chemical interaction of three monomers (2-MEP, 6-MHP, 10-MDP) with HAp and dentin.
  • Examined commercial adhesives containing 6-MHP and 10-MDP.

Main Results:

  • 10-MDP formed monomer-calcium salts with 'nano-layering' on HAp, while all monomers showed 'nano-layering' on dentin, with intensity order: 10-MDP > 6-MHP > 2-MEP.
  • TEM confirmed 10-MDP created the thickest hybrid and adhesive layers.
  • 'Nano-layering' was observed in commercial adhesives on dentin, with 10-MDP-based adhesives showing more intensive layering than 6-MHP-based ones.

Conclusions:

  • Both the phosphoric-acid group and the length of the spacer group influence chemical interactions with HAp and dentin.
  • 10-MDP's pronounced 'etching' effect promotes more stable monomer-Ca salts ('nano-layering'), contributing to the superior bond durability of 10-MDP containing adhesives.