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Related Concept Videos

Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Social Facilitation01:04

Social Facilitation

Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
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Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
Self-Efficacy01:29

Self-Efficacy

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capacity to organize and execute actions necessary to manage prospective situations. This belief significantly influences how individuals approach goals, tasks, and challenges across different domains of life.Psychological and Educational ImpactsIndividuals with strong self-efficacy are more resilient in the face of difficulties. They are more likely to adopt effective problem-solving strategies, persist through obstacles, and regulate emotions such as...

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The Innovation Arena: A Method for Comparing Innovative Problem-Solving Across Groups
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The Innovation Arena: A Method for Comparing Innovative Problem-Solving Across Groups

Published on: May 13, 2022

Anything you can do I can do better.

Daniel C Jupiter1

  • 1Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine; and Research Scientist I, Scott and White Memorial Clinic and Hospital, Temple, TX.

The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
|June 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New treatments may offer benefits like lower costs or fewer side effects, even if not more effective. Non-inferiority studies prove new therapies are equivalent to existing ones, not necessarily better.

Keywords:
equivalence testingnon-inferiority testing

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical research methodology
  • Pharmacoeconomics
  • Evidence-based medicine

Background:

  • Novel therapeutic agents often present advantages beyond efficacy, such as improved safety profiles or reduced healthcare costs.
  • Traditional hypothesis testing focuses on demonstrating superiority, which is not always appropriate for evaluating new treatments with different benefit profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the methodology for conducting non-inferiority studies.
  • To explain how to demonstrate that a new treatment is not unacceptably worse than an existing standard therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Discusses the principles of non-inferiority study design.
  • Highlights the statistical approach required to prove therapeutic equivalence rather than superiority.

Main Results:

  • Explains that the primary goal is to show that the new treatment's effectiveness is not substantially less than the standard treatment.
  • Emphasizes the importance of pre-defined equivalence margins.

Conclusions:

  • Non-inferiority studies are crucial for evaluating new treatments that offer alternative benefits.
  • This study design allows for the adoption of valuable new therapies that may not be demonstrably superior in efficacy but offer other advantages.