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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis
13:51

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

Visual predictions in the orbitofrontal cortex rely on associative content.

Maximilien Chaumon1, Kestutis Kveraga2, Lisa Feldman Barrett3

  • 1Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany and.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|June 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) analyzes low spatial frequency (LSF) visual information only when it connects to memory. Object identifiability influences OFC activity and connectivity, highlighting its role in prediction.

Keywords:
fMRIperceptiontop-down

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Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis
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Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

Published on: June 20, 2012

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis
13:51

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis
10:33

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

Published on: June 20, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucial for predicting future events using incomplete information.
  • The OFC facilitates sensory input recognition through predictive feedback to sensory cortices.
  • While the OFC responds to low spatial frequency (LSF) and magnocellular-biased inputs, the specific information content triggering its activation remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the OFC is automatically engaged by any LSF information or only when LSF information matches existing memory associations.
  • To determine the role of associative content in OFC activation during visual processing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized neuroimaging techniques to examine OFC activation and connectivity in response to LSF visual stimuli.
  • Manipulated the identifiability and associative relevance of LSF stimuli to assess their impact on OFC activity.

Main Results:

  • The OFC was activated by LSF stimuli only when they could be linked to memory associations.
  • LSF stimuli resembling known visual objects activated distinct medial and lateral regions of the OFC.
  • Increased object identifiability led to greater activity in the medial OFC and enhanced connectivity between the lateral OFC and ventral visual cortex.

Conclusions:

  • The OFC is not automatically engaged by all LSF information but requires a link to memory associations.
  • The OFC plays a significant role in visuo-affective prediction by processing the associative content of visual information.
  • The findings elucidate the OFC's function at the intersection of sensory, memory, and affective processing.