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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies. Common...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Introduction01:26

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Introduction

Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic disorders marked by recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract due to an abnormal immune response against gut microflora. This leads to tissue damage. The two main forms are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.Crohn’s DiseaseCrohn’s disease is a relapsing inflammatory disorder that can affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. It involves all layers of the bowel wall (transmural) and shows “skip lesions” in which...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by transmural...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Extraintestinal Clostridium difficile infections.

Eero Mattila1, Perttu Arkkila, Petri S Mattila

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. eero.mattila@hus.fi

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|June 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extraintestinal Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) are rare, often occurring in hospitalized patients with severe comorbidities. Mortality is linked to the patient's underlying disease severity.

Keywords:
Clostridium difficileabscessbacteremiapostoperative complicationswound infection

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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile causes a spectrum of illness, from antibiotic-associated diarrhea to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis.
  • Extraintestinal C. difficile infections (CDIs) are uncommon, necessitating characterization of their clinical features and risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the clinical features and risk factors associated with extraintestinal C. difficile infections (CDIs).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of medical records for patients with C. difficile-positive isolates over a 10-year period.
  • Evaluation of disease severity and comorbidities using Horn and Charlson indexes.

Main Results:

  • Extraintestinal CDIs occurred in 31 patients (0.17% of all CDIs), predominantly in hospitalized individuals (81%) with severe comorbidities.
  • Infections included bacteremia, abdominal infections (with or without prior surgery), perianal abscesses, wound infections, and urinary catheter contamination.
  • The 1-year mortality rate was 36%, correlating with the severity of underlying diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Extraintestinal CDIs primarily affect hospitalized patients with significant comorbidities.
  • Abdominal and wound infections may arise from intestinal issues or fecal contamination, respectively.
  • Bacteremia can lead to distant site infections, and mortality is strongly associated with underlying disease severity.