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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Ectopic intrapulmonary thyroid: a case report.

Ho Hyun Ko¹, Sung Woo Cho, Hee Sung Lee

¹Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Korea.

The Korean Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

|June 18, 2013

Summary

An ectopic thyroid, a rare developmental abnormality, was found within the lung of a 64-year-old female. This case highlights the importance of considering ectopic thyroid tissue in thoracic diagnostics.

Keywords:

Lung neoplasm Thyroid dysgenesis Thyroid neoplasms

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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

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Published on: November 10, 2014

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Developmental Biology
Thoracic Surgery

Background:

Ectopic thyroid tissue results from developmental migration abnormalities.
Thyroid tissue is rarely found in the thoracic or abdominal cavities.

Observation:

A 64-year-old female presented with abnormal thyroid hormone test results post-thyroid cancer surgery.
Radioisotope imaging suggested an ectopic thyroid within the thoracic cavity.

Findings:

Surgical intervention confirmed an ectopic intrapulmonary thyroid.
Ectopic intrapulmonary thyroid is an exceptionally rare condition.

Implications:

This case underscores the diagnostic challenges and rarity of intrapulmonary ectopic thyroid.
Highlights the need for comprehensive evaluation in patients with atypical thyroid findings.