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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Immune interventions in HIV infection.

Guislaine Carcelain1, Brigitte Autran

  • 1UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S945, Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Paris, France.

Immunological Reviews
|June 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Immune-based therapies (IBT) show promise for treating HIV, aiming to restore immune function or achieve a cure. While initial results were disappointing, lessons learned inform future combination strategies for HIV treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is effective for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but has limitations.
  • Immune-based therapies (IBT) are being explored to overcome cART limitations and potentially cure HIV.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the rationale, mechanisms, successes, and failures of cytokine and vaccine-based IBTs for HIV.
  • To discuss lessons learned from early IBTs for future HIV cure strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cytokine-based interventions (e.g., IL-2, IL-7) for restoring CD4(+) T-cells.
  • Review of vaccine-based interventions (e.g., recombinant vectors, dendritic cell therapies) for HIV control.
  • Analysis of 'shock and kill' strategies combining IBT with cART.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes
09:13

Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes

Published on: December 16, 2019

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
06:07

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

Published on: October 6, 2022

Main Results:

  • Early IBTs, including cytokine and vaccine approaches, have yielded disappointing clinical results.
  • IBTs aimed at restoring CD4(+) counts or controlling HIV during treatment interruptions showed limited success.
  • The 'shock and kill' strategy combines IBT with cART to target latent HIV reservoirs.

Conclusions:

  • Despite initial setbacks, IBTs provide valuable insights for developing future HIV cure strategies.
  • Combination approaches integrating IBT with cART are crucial for advancing HIV cure research.
  • Further research is needed to optimize IBTs for effective and clinically relevant HIV treatment.