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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Management

Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a multifaceted approach to reduce symptoms, prevent exacerbations, improve overall health status, and slow disease progression. Key strategies include lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, supportive therapies, and, in some cases, surgery. Here is an overview of the primary COPD management strategies:
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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Generation of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol by a Third-Generation Machine-Vaping Device: Application to Toxicological Studies
08:39

Generation of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol by a Third-Generation Machine-Vaping Device: Application to Toxicological Studies

Published on: August 25, 2018

Optimising nicotine replacement therapy in clinical practice.

Colin Mendelsohn1

  • 1Australian Association of Smoking Cessation Professionals, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. mendel@bigpond.net.au

Australian Family Physician
|June 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is often misused, but correct application and combination therapies can significantly improve smoking cessation success. Addressing safety concerns and providing clear instructions are vital for effective NRT use.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Generation of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol by a Third-Generation Machine-Vaping Device: Application to Toxicological Studies
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A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

Published on: January 18, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Addiction Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has a proven safety and efficacy record.
  • However, NRT is frequently underutilized or used incorrectly in clinical practice.
  • Misconceptions regarding NRT safety and efficacy hinder its optimal application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence-based strategies for optimizing NRT use in clinical settings.
  • To explore the role of combination NRT approaches.
  • To examine NRT strategies for relapse prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on NRT efficacy and usage patterns.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data on combination NRT and relapse prevention.
  • Synthesis of practical recommendations for healthcare providers.

Main Results:

  • Correct usage, adequate dosing, and clear patient instructions are crucial for NRT effectiveness.
  • Combining nicotine patches with oral NRT forms (gum, lozenges) enhances quit rates.
  • Starting nicotine patches two weeks prior to the quit date and continuing use post-lapse improves outcomes.
  • Oral NRT effectively manages cue-induced cravings, aiding relapse prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate information is needed to counter misguided safety and efficacy concerns about NRT.
  • Detailed instructions and adequate dosing are essential for correct NRT use.
  • Combination NRT strategies, including pre-cessation patch use and post-lapse continuation, significantly increase smoking cessation success rates.