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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Atomic clock transitions in silicon-based spin qubits.

Gary Wolfowicz1, Alexei M Tyryshkin, Richard E George

  • 1London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK. gary.wolfowicz@materials.ox.ac.uk

Nature Nanotechnology
|June 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrate robust electron spins in solid-state quantum devices using bismuth donors in silicon. This "clock transition" method significantly enhances spin coherence times, exceeding seconds, by reducing environmental noise.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Protecting solid-state spins from decoherence is crucial for quantum technologies.
  • Nanodevices are particularly susceptible to decoherence from material interfaces and defects.
  • Existing methods include material purity, isotopic composition, and dynamic decoupling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using inherently robust spin transitions, known as 'clock transitions', for electron spins in solid-state systems.
  • To enhance the coherence times of electron spins in nanodevices.
  • To mitigate the impact of local magnetic and electric field noise on spin qubits.

Main Methods:

  • Observation of 'clock transitions' for electron spins.
  • Utilizing bismuth donors in silicon as the solid-state spin system.
  • Measuring electron spin coherence times.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated 'clock transitions' for electron spins in bismuth donors in silicon.
  • Achieved electron spin coherence times exceeding seconds.
  • Showed reduced sensitivity to the local magnetic environment, including silicon nuclear spins.

Conclusions:

  • 'Clock transitions' are a viable and powerful method for enhancing electron spin coherence in solid-state systems.
  • This approach significantly improves the robustness of electron spin qubits against environmental noise.
  • The findings are expected to be particularly impactful for donor spins in nanodevices, improving their performance and scalability.