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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,...
Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no movement.
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Axial and Appendicular Muscles01:18

Axial and Appendicular Muscles

Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
Axial Muscles
Axial muscles, situated along the body's midline, are intricately connected to the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles facilitate facial expressions and play a...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
09:32

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Active hip and spine ROM differs when comparing unconstrained motion with voluntary segmental constraint.

Janice M Moreside1, David Barbado, Casto Juan-Recio

  • 1Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 3202 Alicante, Spain.

Manual Therapy
|June 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

To maximize active hip extension measurements, include both hip and back extension trials. For optimal spine rotation, allow concurrent hip and pelvis movement during trials.

Keywords:
HipMotion capture systemRange of motionSpine

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
09:32

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Kinesiology
  • Human Movement Analysis

Background:

  • Active range of motion (AROM) is crucial for normalizing biomechanical data.
  • Methods for achieving maximal AROM are not well-established.
  • Standardizing AROM measurement techniques is essential for reliable data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare different methods for achieving maximal active hip extension.
  • To evaluate techniques for measuring maximal active spine rotation.
  • To identify optimal protocols for AROM assessments in the hip and spine.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-seven males (20-38 years) participated.
  • Active hip extension was compared to active lumbar extension for hip and spine extension.
  • Active spine rotation with constrained and unconstrained pelvis/hip movement was compared.
  • Infrared motion capture determined joint angles.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in hip extension degrees between hip and lumbar extension methods.
  • Significantly greater spine extension with active spine extension compared to hip extension trials.
  • Significantly greater spine rotation when pelvis and hips were unconstrained.
  • 23 out of 27 participants achieved maximum rotation in unconstrained trials.

Conclusions:

  • Collecting both hip and back extension trials is recommended for maximal active hip extension.
  • Unconstrained pelvis and hip movement maximizes active spine rotation.
  • Findings inform best practices for AROM assessments in clinical and research settings.