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Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

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Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

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Protein Modifications in the RER

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)

Published on: May 3, 2011

Irisin: what promise does it hold?

Ulf Elbelt¹, Tobias Hofmann, Andreas Stengel

¹Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. ulf.elbelt@charite.de

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

|June 27, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Irisin, a newly discovered myokine, shows promise for obesity treatment. While its thermogenic effects in humans are debated, irisin is consistently linked to body mass index (BMI).

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Area of Science:

Exercise physiology
Endocrinology
Metabolic research

Background:

Irisin is a myokine identified as a potential therapeutic target for obesity.
Its production is linked to exercise-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α expression in skeletal muscles.
Irisin is cleaved from fibronectin type III domain containing 5 and secreted into the bloodstream.

Purpose of the Study:

To review human studies investigating the effects of irisin.
To assess irisin's potential role in obesity treatment.

Main Methods:

Review of existing human studies on irisin.
Analysis of irisin's association with thermogenesis and body weight regulation.

Main Results:

The thermogenic effect of irisin in humans remains controversial, unlike in rodents.
Exercise-induced increases in irisin levels in humans have not been consistently confirmed.
A significant association between irisin levels and body mass index (BMI) in humans has been robustly identified.

Conclusions:

Irisin contributes to understanding exercise-induced adipose tissue browning.
It enhances knowledge of body weight regulation mechanisms.
Further research may lead to novel treatment strategies for obesity and anorexia nervosa.