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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
11:00

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

Published on: December 16, 2016

Direct reprogramming into desired cell types by defined factors.

Masaki Ieda1

  • 1Department of Clinical and Molecular Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.

The Keio Journal of Medicine
|June 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular reprogramming, once thought impossible, now allows direct conversion of cells to desired types. This technology revolutionizes regenerative medicine and disease modeling by bypassing stem cells.

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Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Terminally differentiated cells were long considered fixed in their fate.
  • Pioneering work demonstrated cell fate conversion via somatic nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and transcription factors like MyoD.
  • The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) revolutionized the field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development of cellular reprogramming.
  • To discuss recent advancements in direct reprogramming technologies.
  • To explore future perspectives in the field of cell fate conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Somatic nuclear transfer and cell fusion experiments.
  • Identification and application of lineage-converting transcription factors (e.g., MyoD).
  • Transduction of Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • Overexpression of lineage-specific transcription factors for direct cell type induction.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to different cell fates.
  • Established that specific transcription factors can induce pluripotency (iPSCs) or directly convert somatic cells.
  • Showcased the successful direct induction of various cell types like neurons, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes from somatic cells.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular reprogramming has overcome the dogma of fixed cell fates.
  • Direct reprogramming offers a powerful tool for disease modeling and regenerative medicine, bypassing the need for pluripotent intermediates.
  • The field holds significant promise for generating diverse cell types for therapeutic applications.