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Related Concept Videos

Phloem and Sugar Transport02:02

Phloem and Sugar Transport

Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
The Apoplast and Symplast01:46

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...
Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
Plasmodesmata02:32

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
Plasmodesmata01:20

Plasmodesmata

In a multicellular organism, cells must communicate to work together in a coordinated manner. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
Intercellular junctions are a feature of fungal, plant, and animal cells. However, different types of junctions are found in different kinds of cells. Intercellular junctions found in animal cells include tight junctions, gap junctions, and...
Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.

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Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis
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Modeling the parameters for plasmodesmal sugar filtering in active symplasmic phloem loaders.

Johannes Liesche1, Alexander Schulz

  • 1Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|June 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Plasmodesmata (PD) structure may limit sugar oligomer passage, but efficient sucrose transport into the phloem remains unclear. Further factors likely influence active symplasmic loading in plants.

Keywords:
carbon allocationhindered diffusionphloem loadingplasmodesmatapolymer trap

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Plasmodesmata (PD) are crucial for phloem loading, particularly in active symplasmic loading species.
  • In these species, sucrose is converted to sugar oligomers within intermediary cells (ICs).
  • A hypothesis suggests PD selectively block oligomers while allowing sucrose passage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if PD at the bundle sheath-IC interface can block sugar oligomers and allow sucrose diffusion.
  • To determine PD substructure configurations compatible with observed diffusion rates.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of PD hindrance factors for various substructures (sub-nano channels, slit, hydrogel).
  • Measurement of effective diffusion coefficient across the bundle sheath-IC interface in Cucurbita pepo using 3D-photoactivation microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Strong discrimination requires PD openings similar in size to sugar oligomers.
  • PD substructures like sub-nano channels (7 Å radius), a 10.4 Å slit, or a 49% polymer hydrogel match experimental diffusion coefficients.
  • While a slit configuration could prevent oligomer leakage, no tested configuration supported sufficient sucrose influx for active phloem loading.

Conclusions:

  • PD substructure can enable selective transport, but may not solely account for efficient phloem loading.
  • Additional factors are likely involved in active symplasmic loading.