Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Augmenting CAR T cell functionality and metabolism through CD39 downtuning.

Molecular therapy. Oncology·2026
Same author

Next-generation LMP2A-targeting TCR-recombinant T cells with inducible IL-18 expression to treat EBV-associated malignancies.

Molecular therapy. Oncology·2026
Same author

In Remembrance of Professor Zelig Eshhar: <i>A Life Committed to CAR-T</i>.

Human gene therapy·2026
Same author

Boosting the Activity of Melanoma-Targeting CAR-T Cells in the Presence of Citrate by the Application of Gluconate.

Pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Blocking CD30 on CD19 CAR T cells augments their functional capacities against B-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

In Remembrance of Professor Zelig Eshhar: <i>A Life Committed to CAR-T</i>.

Human gene therapy·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells
09:43

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells

Published on: March 8, 2024

Targeting two co-operating cytokines efficiently shapes immune responses.

Andreas A Hombach1, Hinrich Abken

  • 1Department I of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC); University Hospital Cologne; University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany.

Oncoimmunology
|June 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a dual cytokine therapy, fusing interleukin-2 and interleukin-12, to enhance the immune system's attack against cancer. This novel approach targets tumors, improving the overall anti-cancer immune response.

Keywords:
Hodgkin's lymphomaIL-12IL-2NK cellT cellT helper cell polarizationantibody-cytokine fusion proteinimmune therapy

More Related Videos

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity
06:16

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Published on: December 7, 2019

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses
10:13

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Published on: May 6, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells
09:43

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells

Published on: March 8, 2024

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity
06:16

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Published on: December 7, 2019

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses
10:13

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Published on: May 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy aims to harness the immune system to eliminate tumors.
  • Cytokines like interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) are critical immune modulators.
  • Targeting cytokines to tumors can enhance local immune responses and minimize systemic side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel dual cytokine therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
  • To investigate the efficacy of a fused IL-2 and IL-12 moiety in stimulating both innate and adaptive immunity.
  • To assess the tumor-targeting capability of the engineered cytokine construct.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering a fusion protein combining IL-2 and IL-12.
  • Incorporating an antibody-binding domain for targeted delivery to neoplastic lesions.
  • Evaluating the immune-mobilizing capacity of the dual cytokine in preclinical models.

Main Results:

  • The fused dual cytokine moiety successfully mobilized both adaptive and innate immune systems.
  • Targeted delivery of the cytokine construct to tumors was achieved.
  • The combined cytokine approach demonstrated a broader immune attack against cancer compared to individual cytokines.

Conclusions:

  • A novel dual cytokine fusion protein offers a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
  • Simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immunity via targeted cytokine delivery enhances anti-cancer responses.
  • This approach represents a significant advancement in developing more effective cancer treatments.