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Updated: May 10, 2026

Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care

Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care

Published on: February 16, 2011

'Creating a protective picture:' a grounded theory of RN decision making when using a charting-by-exception

¹School of Nursing, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA.

Medsurg Nursing : Official Journal of the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses

|June 28, 2013

Summary

Medical-surgical nurses use a three-step process to decide on charting-by-exception policies. This grounded theory, "Creating a Protective Picture," guides their decision-making for accurate documentation.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care

Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care

Published on: February 16, 2011

Area of Science:

Nursing
Health Policy
Qualitative Research

Background:

Charting-by-exception policies are increasingly adopted in healthcare settings.
Nurses face challenges in adhering to or deviating from these policies.
Understanding nurses' decision-making processes is crucial for effective policy implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the process medical-surgical nurses use when deciding whether to follow a charting-by-exception policy.
To develop a grounded theory explaining this decision-making process.

Main Methods:

Grounded theory methodology was employed.
Data were collected through interviews with medical-surgical nurses.
Analysis involved constant comparative methods to develop the theory.

Main Results:

A three-step process, conceptualized as 'Creating a Protective Picture,' emerged from the data.
The steps involve: 1. Perceiving the situation, 2. Evaluating the need for documentation, 3. Acting to chart or not chart.
Nurses' decisions are influenced by patient safety, legal risks, and institutional policies.

Conclusions:

The grounded theory 'Creating a Protective Picture' provides a framework for understanding nurses' charting-by-exception decisions.
This theory can inform nursing practice, education, and policy development.
Further research should explore the generalizability of this theory across different nursing specialties and healthcare systems.